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References 1 - 50

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1 Tan WC, Seale P, et al. COPD prevalence in 7 Asian countries in Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163 (Suppl): A81.
2 Mathers C, Vos T, Stevenson C. The burden of disease and injury in Australia. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Canberra 1999.
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5 National Health and Medical Research Council. A guide to the development, implementation and evaluation of clinical practice guidelines. NHMRC 1998. [return to text]
6 NHLBI/WHO Workshop Report. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD): Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. National Institutes of Health Ð National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute April 2001.
7 Fletcher C, Peto R. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. Br Med J. 1977;1(6077):1645-8.
8 Burrows B, Knudson RJ, Cline MG, Lebowitz MD. Quantitative relationships between cigarette smoking and ventilatory function. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 115:195-205.
9 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD; 2006.
10 Matheson MC, Benke G, Raven J, Sim MR, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, et al. Biological dust exposure in the workplace is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005 Aug;60(8):645-51.[return to text]
11 Gan WQ, Man SF, Postma DS, Camp P, Sin DD. Female smokers beyond the perimenopausal period are at increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respiratory research. 2006;7:52
12 Peto R, Speizer FE, Cochrane AL, Moore F, Fletcher CM, Tinker CM, et al. The relevance in adults of air-flow obstruction, but not of mucus hypersecretion, to mortality from chronic lung disease. Results from 20 years of prospective observation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Sep;128(3):491-500.
13 Casanova C, Cote C, de Torres JP, Aguirre-Jaime A, Marin JM, Pinto-Plata V, et al. Inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio predicts mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Mar 15;171(6):591-7.
14 Celli BR, Cote CG, Marin JM, Casanova C, Montes de Oca M, Mendez RA, et al. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The New England journal of medicine. 2004 Mar 4;350(10):1005-12.
15 Tashkin DP, Altose MD, Connett JE, Kanner RE, Lee WW, Wise RA. Methacholine reactivity predicts changes in lung function over time in smokers with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Lung Health Study Research Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Jun;153(6 Pt 1):1802-11. [return to text]
16 Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Murray RP. Smoking and lung function of Lung Health Study participants after 11 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Sep 1;166(5):675-9.
17 Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Report of the Medical Research Council Working Party. Lancet. 1981 Mar 28;1(8222):681-6.
18 Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial. Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Annals of internal medicine. 1980 Sep;93(3):391-8.
19 Connors AF, Jr., Dawson NV, Thomas C, Harrell FE, Jr., Desbiens N, Fulkerson WJ, et al. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. The SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments) published erratum appears in Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:386. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Oct;154(4 Pt 1):959-67.
20 National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research G. Patients at High Risk of Death after Lung-Volume-Reduction Surgery. The New England journal of medicine. 2001 October 11, 2001;345(15):1075-83. [return to text]
21 Georgopoulos D, Anthonisen NR. Symptoms and signs of COPD. In: Cherniack NS, ed. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Toronto: WB Saunders 1990:357-63.
22 Thompson AB, Mueller MB, Heires AJ, Bohling TL, Daughton D, Yancey SW, et al. Aerosolized beclomethasone in chronic bronchitis. Improved pulmonary function and diminished airway inflammation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Aug;146(2):389-95.
23 Bestall JC, Paul EA, Garrod R, Garnham R, Jones PW, Wedzicha JA. Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1999;54(7):581-6.
24 Badgett RG, Tanaka DJ, Hunt DK, Jelley MJ, Feinberg LE, Steiner JF, et al. Can moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease be diagnosed by historical and physical findings alone? The American journal of medicine. 1993 Feb;94(2):188-96.
25 Kelly CA, Gibson GJ. Relation between FEV1 and peak expiratory flow in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Thorax. 1988 Apr;43(4):335-6. [return to text]
26 NHLBI/WHO Workshop Report. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GOLD): Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health - National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; April 2001.
27 Wilt TJ, Niewoehner D, Kim C, Kane RL, Linabery A, Tacklind J, et al. Use of spirometry for case finding, diagnosis, and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Evidence report/technology assessment (Summary). 2005 Aug(121):1-7.
28 Sourk RL, Nugent KM. Bronchodilator testing: confidence intervals derived from placebo inhalations. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Jul;128(1):153-7.
29 Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J. 2005 Nov;26(5):948-68.
30 McCord J, Borzak S. Multifocal atrial tachycardia. Chest. 1998 Jan;113(1):203-9. [return to text]
31 National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Morbidity and Mortality: Chartbook on Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases 2004 edition available http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/cht-book.htm. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Institutes of Health; 1998.
32 Decramer M, De Benedetto F, Del Ponte A, Marinari S. Systemic effects of COPD. Respiratory medicine. 2005 Dec;99 Suppl B:S3-10.
33 Holguin F, Folch E, Redd SC, Mannino DM. Comorbidity and mortality in COPD-related hospitalizations in the United States, 1979 to 2001. Chest. 2005 Oct;128(4):2005-11.
34 Borrill Z, Houghton C, Sullivan PJ, Sestini P. Retrospective analysis of evidence base for tests used in diagnosis and monitoring of disease in respiratory medicine. BMJ (Clinical research ed. 2003 Nov 15;327(7424):1136-8.
35 Vathenen AS, Britton JR, Ebden P, Cookson JB, Wharrad HJ, Tattersfield AE. High-dose inhaled albuterol in severe chronic airflow limitation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 Oct;138(4):850-5. [return to text]
36 Gross NJ, Petty TL, Friedman M, Skorodin MS, Silvers GW, Donohue JF. Dose response to ipratropium as a nebulized solution in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A three-center study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 May;139(5):1188-91.
37 Higgins BG, Powell RM, Cooper S, Tattersfield AE. Effect of salbutamol and ipratropium bromide on airway calibre and bronchial reactivity in asthma and chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir J. 1991 Apr;4(4):415-20.
38 Belman MJ, Botnick WC, Shin JW. Inhaled bronchodilators reduce dynamic hyperinflation during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Mar;153(3):967-75.
39 Jenkins SC, Heaton RW, Fulton TJ, Moxham J. Comparison of domiciliary nebulized salbutamol and salbutamol from a metered-dose inhaler in stable chronic airflow limitation. Chest. 1987 Jun;91(6):804-7.
40 Guyatt GH, Townsend M, Pugsley SO, Keller JL, Short HD, Taylor DW, et al. Bronchodilators in chronic air-flow limitation. Effects on airway function, exercise capacity, and quality of life. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 May;135(5):1069-74. [return to text]
41 Berger R, Smith D. Effect of inhaled metaproterenol on exercise performance in patients with stable "fixed" airway obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 Sep;138(3):624-9.
42 Hay JG, Stone P, Carter J, Church S, Eyre-Brook A, Pearson MG, et al. Bronchodilator reversibility, exercise performance and breathlessness in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 1992 Jun;5(6):659-64.
43 Ram FS, Sestini P. Regular inhaled short acting beta2 agonists for the management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax. 2003 Jul;58(7):580-4.
44 Appleton S, Jones T, Poole P, Pilotto L, Adams R, Lasserson TJ, et al. Ipratropium bromide versus long-acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online). 2006;3:CD006101.
45 Appleton S, Poole P, Smith B, Veale A, Lasserson TJ, Chan MM. Long-acting beta2-agonists for poorly reversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online). 2006;3:CD001104. [return to text]
46 Barr RG, Bourbeau J, Camargo CA, Ram FS. Tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis. Thorax. 2006 Oct;61(10):854-62.
47 Barr RG, Bourbeau J, Camargo CA, Ram FS. Tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online). 2005(2):CD002876.
48 Chrystyn H, Mulley BA, Peake MD. Dose response relation to oral theophylline in severe chronic obstructive airways disease. BMJ (Clinical research ed. 1988 Dec 10;297(6662):1506-10.
49 Ram FS, Jones PW, Castro AA, De Brito JA, Atallah AN, Lacasse Y, et al. Oral theophylline for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online). 2002(4):CD003902.
50 Murciano D, Auclair MH, Pariente R, Aubier M. A randomized, controlled trial of theophylline in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The New England journal of medicine. 1989 Jun 8;320(23):1521-5. [return to text]

 

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