References A-G

AARON, S. D., VANDEMHEEN, K. L., FERGUSSON, D., MALTAIS, F., BOURBEAU, J., GOLDSTEIN, R., BALTER, M., O'DONNELL, D., MCIVOR, A., SHARMA, S., BISHOP, G., ANTHONY, J., COWIE, R., FIELD, S., HIRSCH, A., HERNANDEZ, P., RIVINGTON, R., ROAD, J., HOFFSTEIN, V., HODDER, R., MARCINIUK, D., MCCORMACK, D., FOX, G., COX, G., PRINS, H. B., FORD, G., BLESKIE, D., DOUCETTE, S., MAYERS, I., CHAPMAN, K., ZAMEL, N. & FITZGERALD, M. (2007) Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone-salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med, 146, 545-55.

ABERNETHY, A. P., CURROW, D. C., FRITH, P., FAZEKAS, B. S., MCHUGH, A. & BUI, C. (2003) Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial of sustained release morphine for the management of refractory dyspnoea. BMJ, 327, 523-8.

ABERNETHY, A. P., MCDONALD, C. F., FRITH, P. A., CLARK, K., HERNDON, J. E., 2ND, MARCELLO, J., YOUNG, I. H., BULL, J., WILCOCK, A., BOOTH, S., WHEELER, J. L., TULSKY, J. A., CROCKETT, A. J. & CURROW, D. C. (2010) Effect of palliative oxygen versus room air in relief of breathlessness in patients with refractory dyspnoea: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 376, 784-93.

ABRAMSON, M. J., SCHATTNER, R. L., SULAIMAN, N. D., BIRCH, K. E., SIMPSON, P. P., DEL COLLE, E. A., ARONI, R. A., WOLFE, R. & THIEN, F. C. (2010) Do spirometry and regular follow-up improve health outcomes in general practice patients with asthma or COPD? A cluster randomised controlled trial. Med J Aust, 193, 104-9.

ABUSAID, G. H., BARBAGELATA, A., TUERO, E., MAHMOOD, A. & SHARMA, G. (2009) Diastolic dysfunction and COPD exacerbation. Postgrad Med, 121, 76-81.

ACCESS ECONOMICS PTY LIMITED FOR THE AUSTRALIAN LUNG FOUNDATION (2008) Economic impact of COPD and cost-effective solutions.

ADABAG, A. S., WASSIF, H. S., RICE, K., MITHANI, S., JOHNSON, D., BONAWITZ-CONLIN, J., WARD, H. B., MCFALLS, E. O., KUSKOWSKI, M. A. & KELLY, R. F. (2010) Preoperative pulmonary function and mortality after cardiac surgery. Am Heart J, 159, 691-7.

ADAMS, S. G., SMITH, P. K., ALLAN, P. F., ANZUETO, A., PUGH, J. A. & CORNELL, J. E. (2007) Systematic review of the chronic care model in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease prevention and management. Arch Intern Med, 167, 551-61.

AHMEDZAI, S., BALFOUR-LYNN, I. M., BEWICK, T., BUCHDAHL, R., COKER, R. K., CUMMIN, A. R., GRADWELL, D. P., HOWARD, L., INNES, J. A., JOHNSON, A. O., LIM, E., LIM, W. S., MCKINLAY, K. P., PARTRIDGE, M. R., POPPLESTONE, M., POZNIAK, A., ROBSON, A., SHOVLIN, C. L., SHRIKRISHNA, D., SIMONDS, A., TAIT, P. & THOMAS, M. (2011) Managing passengers with stable respiratory disease planning air travel: British Thoracic Society recommendations. Thorax, 66 Suppl 1, i1-30

AIMONINO RICAUDA, N., TIBALDI, V., LEFF, B., SCARAFIOTTI, C., MARINELLO, R., ZANOCCHI, M. & MOLASCHI, M. (2008) Substitutive "hospital at home" versus inpatient care for elderly patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc, 56, 493-500.

ALMAGRO, P., SALVADO, M., GARCIA-VIDAL, C., RODRIGUEZ-CARBALLEIRA, M., DELGADO, M., BARREIRO, B., HEREDIA, J. L. & SORIANO, J. B. (2010) Recent improvement in long-term survival after a COPD hospitalisation. Thorax, 65, 298-302.

AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION (2004) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV), American Psychiatric Association.

AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY (1995) Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152, S77-121.

AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY (1999) Pulmonary rehabilitation-1999. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, 1666-82.

AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY/EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOCIETY (2003) American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: standards for the diagnosis and management of individuals with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 168, 818-900.

ANDERSON, H. R., SPIX, C., MEDINA, S., SCHOUTEN, J. P., CASTELLSAGUE, J., ROSSI, G., ZMIROU, D., TOULOUMI, G., WOJTYNIAK, B., PONKA, A., BACHAROVA, L., SCHWARTZ, J. & KATSOUYANNI, K. (1997) Air pollution and daily admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 6 European cities: results from the APHEA project. Eur Respir J, 10, 1064-71.

ANSARI, Z., DUNT, D. & DHARMAGE, S. C. (2007) Variations in hospitalizations for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rural and urban Victoria, Australia. Respirology, 12, 874-80.

ANTHONISEN, N. R., CONNETT, J. E. & MURRAY, R. P. (2002) Smoking and lung function of Lung Health Study participants after 11 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166, 675-9.

ANTHONISEN, N. R., MANFREDA, J., WARREN, C. P., HERSHFIELD, E. S., HARDING, G. K. & NELSON, N. A. (1987) Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med, 106, 196-204.

APPLETON, S., JONES, T., POOLE, P., PILOTTO, L., ADAMS, R., LASSERSON, T. J., SMITH, B. & MUHAMMAD, J. (2006a) Ipratropium bromide versus long-acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3, CD006101.

APPLETON, S., POOLE, P., SMITH, B., VEALE, A., LASSERSON, T. J. & CHAN, M. M. (2006b) Long-acting beta2-agonists for poorly reversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3, CD001104.

ARCHER, S. L., MIKE, D., CROW, J., LONG, W. & WEIR, E. K. (1996) A placebo-controlled trial of prostacyclin in acute respiratory failure in COPD. Chest, 109, 750-5.

ARGYROPOULOU, P., PATAKAS, D., KOUKOU, A., VASILIADIS, P. & GEORGOPOULOS, D. (1993) Buspirone effect on breathlessness and exercise performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration, 60, 216-20.

AUBIER, M. (1988) Pharmacotherapy of respiratory muscles. Clin Chest Med, 9, 311-24.

AUBIN, H. J., BOBAK, A., BRITTON, J. R., ONCKEN, C., BILLING, C. B., JR., GONG, J., WILLIAMS, K. E. & REEVES, K. R. (2008) Varenicline versus transdermal nicotine patch for smoking cessation: results from a randomised open-label trial. Thorax, 63, 717-24.

AUSTIN, M. A., WILLS, K. E., BLIZZARD, L., WALTERS, E. H. & WOOD-BAKER, R. (2010) Effect of high flow oxygen on mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in prehospital setting: randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 341, c5462.

AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF HEALTH AND WELFARE (2008a) 2007 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: first results. Drug Statistics Series number 20. Canberra.

AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF HEALTH AND WELFARE (2008b) Australia's Health: : The eleventh biennial health report of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 11th ed. Canberra, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.

BADGETT, R. G., TANAKA, D. J., HUNT, D. K., JELLEY, M. J., FEINBERG, L. E., STEINER, J. F. & PETTY, T. L. (1993) Can moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease be diagnosed by historical and physical findings alone? Am J Med, 94, 188-96.

BAILLIE, A. J., MATTICK, R. P., HALL, W. & WEBSTER, P. (1994) Meta-analytic review of the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions. Drug Alcohol Rev, 13, 157-70.

BARANIAK, A. & SHEFFIELD, D. (2011) The efficacy of psychologically based interventions to improve anxiety, depression and quality of life in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Patient Educ Couns, 83, 29-36.

BARBERA, J. A., ROGER, N., ROCA, J., ROVIRA, I., HIGENBOTTAM, T. W. & RODRIGUEZ-ROISIN, R. (1996) Worsening of pulmonary gas exchange with nitric oxide inhalation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet, 347, 436-40.

BARNES, P. J. (2003) Theophylline: new perspectives for an old drug. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 167, 813-8.

BARR, R. G., BLUEMKE, D. A., AHMED, F. S., CARR, J. J., ENRIGHT, P. L., HOFFMAN, E. A., JIANG, R., KAWUT, S. M., KRONMAL, R. A., LIMA, J. A., SHAHAR, E., SMITH, L. J. & WATSON, K. E. (2010) Percent emphysema, airflow obstruction, and impaired left ventricular filling. N Engl J Med, 362, 217-27.

BARR, R. G., BOURBEAU, J., CAMARGO, C. A. & RAM, F. S. (2005) Tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD002876.

BARR, R. G., BOURBEAU, J., CAMARGO, C. A. & RAM, F. S. (2006) Tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis. Thorax, 61, 854-62.

BELMAN, M. J., BOTNICK, W. C. & SHIN, J. W. (1996) Inhaled bronchodilators reduce dynamic hyperinflation during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 967-75.

BENDITT, J. O. & ALBERT, R. K. (1997) Surgical options for patients with advanced emphysema. Clin Chest Med, 18, 577-93.

BENEY, J., BERO, L. A. & BOND, C. (2000) Expanding the roles of outpatient pharmacists: effects on health services utilisation, costs, and patient outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD000336.

BENZO, R., FARRELL, M. H., CHANG, C. C., MARTINEZ, F. J., KAPLAN, R., REILLY, J., CRINER, G., WISE, R., MAKE, B., LUKETICH, J., FISHMAN, A. P. & SCIURBA, F. C. (2009) Integrating health status and survival data: the palliative effect of lung volume reduction surgery. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 180, 239-46.

BERGER, R. & SMITH, D. (1988) Effect of inhaled metaproterenol on exercise performance in patients with stable "fixed" airway obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis, 138, 624-9.

BESTALL, J. C., PAUL, E. A., GARROD, R., GARNHAM, R., JONES, P. W. & WEDZICHA, J. A. (1999) Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax, 54, 581-6.

BLACK, P., STAYKOVA, T., CHACKO, E., RAM, F. S. & POOLE, P. (2003) Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic bronchitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD004105.

BLACKSTOCK, F. & WEBSTER, K. (2007) Disease-specific health education for COPD: a systematic review of changes in health outcomes. Health Educ Res, 22, 703-17.

BLANC, P. D., IRIBARREN, C., TRUPIN, L., EARNEST, G., KATZ, P. P., BALMES, J., SIDNEY, S. & EISNER, M. D. (2009) Occupational exposures and the risk of COPD: dusty trades revisited. Thorax, 64, 6-12.

BLANCO, I., DE SERRES, F. J., FERNANDEZ-BUSTILLO, E., LARA, B. & MIRAVITLLES, M. (2006) Estimated numbers and prevalence of PI*S and PI*Z alleles of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in European countries. Eur Respir J, 27, 77-84.

BORRILL, Z., HOUGHTON, C., SULLIVAN, P. J. & SESTINI, P. (2003) Retrospective analysis of evidence base for tests used in diagnosis and monitoring of disease in respiratory medicine. BMJ, 327, 1136-8.

BOTT, J., CARROLL, M. P., CONWAY, J. H., KEILTY, S. E., WARD, E. M., BROWN, A. M., PAUL, E. A., ELLIOTT, M. W., GODFREY, R. C., WEDZICHA, J. A. & ET AL. (1993) Randomised controlled trial of nasal ventilation in acute ventilatory failure due to chronic obstructive airways disease. Lancet, 341, 1555-7.

BOUDESTEIN, L. C., RUTTEN, F. H., CRAMER, M. J., LAMMERS, J. W. & HOES, A. W. (2009) The impact of concurrent heart failure on prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Heart Fail, 11, 1182-8.

BRADLEY, J. M., LASSERSON, T., ELBORN, S., MACMAHON, J. & O'NEILL, B. (2007) A systematic review of randomized controlled trials examining the short-term benefit of ambulatory oxygen in COPD. Chest, 131, 278-85.

BRADLEY, J. M. & O'NEILL, B. (2005) Short term ambulatory oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD004356.

BRITISH THORACIC SOCIETY (1997) BTS guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax, 52, S1-S28.

BRITISH THORACIC SOCIETY (2008a) British Guideline on the Management of Asthma. Thorax, 63 Suppl 4, iv1-121.

BRITISH THORACIC SOCIETY (2008b) BTS statement on criteria for specialist referral, admission, discharge and follow-up for adults with respiratory disease. Thorax, 63 Suppl 1, i1-i16.

BRITTON, J. & KNOX, A. (1999) Helping people to stop smoking: the new smoking cessation guidelines. Thorax, 54, 1-2.

BROCHARD, L., MANCEBO, J., WYSOCKI, M., LOFASO, F., CONTI, G., RAUSS, A., SIMONNEAU, G., BENITO, S., GASPARETTO, A., LEMAIRE, F. & ET AL. (1995) Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med, 333, 817-22.

BROOKS, D., KRIP, B., MANGOVSKI-ALZAMORA, S. & GOLDSTEIN, R. S. (2002) The effect of postrehabilitation programmes among individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J, 20, 20-9.

BULA, C. J., WIETLISBACH, V., BURNAND, B. & YERSIN, B. (2001) Depressive symptoms as a predictor of 6-month outcomes and services utilization in elderly medical inpatients. Arch Intern Med, 161, 2609-15.

BURGEL, P. R., NESME-MEYER, P., CHANEZ, P., CAILLAUD, D., CARRE, P., PEREZ, T. & ROCHE, N. (2009) Cough and sputum production are associated with frequent exacerbations and hospitalizations in COPD subjects. Chest, 135, 975-82.

BURNS, K. E., ADHIKARI, N. K., KEENAN, S. P. & MEADE, M. O. (2010) Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation as a weaning strategy for intubated adults with respiratory failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD004127.

BURROWS, B., KNUDSON, R., CLINE, M. & LEBOWITZ, M. (1977) Quantitative relationships between cigarette smoking and ventilatory function. American Rev Respir Dis, 115, 195-205.

BURSI, F., VASSALLO, R., WESTON, S. A., KILLIAN, J. M. & ROGER, V. L. (2010) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after myocardial infarction in the community. Am Heart J, 160, 95-101.

CAHILL, K., STEAD, L. F. & LANCASTER, T. (2008) Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD006103.

CAHILL, K. & USSHER, M. (2007) Cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonists (rimonabant) for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD005353.

CALVERLEY, P. M., ANDERSON, J. A., CELLI, B., FERGUSON, G. T., JENKINS, C., JONES, P. W., CRIM, C., WILLITS, L. R., YATES, J. C. & VESTBO, J. (2010) Cardiovascular events in patients with COPD: TORCH study results. Thorax, 65, 719-25.

CALVERLEY, P. M., ANDERSON, J. A., CELLI, B., FERGUSON, G. T., JENKINS, C., JONES, P. W., YATES, J. C. & VESTBO, J. (2007) Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med, 356, 775-89.

CALVERLEY, P. M., RABE, K. F., GOEHRING, U. M., KRISTIANSEN, S., FABBRI, L. M. & MARTINEZ, F. J. (2009) Roflumilast in symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: two randomised clinical trials. Lancet, 374, 685-94.

CALVERLEY, P. M., STOCKLEY, R. A., SEEMUNGAL, T. A., HAGAN, G., WILLITS, L. R., RILEY, J. H. & WEDZICHA, J. A. (2011) Reported pneumonia in patients with COPD: findings from the INSPIRE study. Chest, 139, 505-12.

CAMP, P. G., COXSON, H. O., LEVY, R. D., PILLAI, S. G., ANDERSON, W., VESTBO, J., KENNEDY, S. M., SILVERMAN, E. K., LOMAS, D. A. & PARE, P. D. (2009) Sex differences in emphysema and airway disease in smokers. Chest, 136, 1480-8.

CANCER COUNCIL AUSTRALIA (2004) Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of Lung Cancer. Sydney.

CASANOVA, C., CELLI, B. R., TOST, L., SORIANO, E., ABREU, J., VELASCO, V. & SANTOLARIA, F. (2000) Long-term controlled trial of nocturnal nasal positive pressure ventilation in patients with severe COPD. Chest, 118, 1582-90.

CASANOVA, C., COTE, C., DE TORRES, J. P., AGUIRRE-JAIME, A., MARIN, J. M., PINTO-PLATA, V. & CELLI, B. R. (2005) Inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio predicts mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 171, 591-7.

CASAS, A., TROOSTERS, T., GARCIA-AYMERICH, J., ROCA, J., HERNANDEZ, C., ALONSO, A., DEL POZO, F., DE TOLEDO, P., ANTO, J. M., RODRIGUEZ-ROISIN, R. & DECRAMER, M. (2006) Integrated care prevents hospitalisations for exacerbations in COPD patients. Eur Respir J, 28, 123-30.

CATES, C. J., CRILLY, J. A. & ROWE, B. H. (2006) Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD000052.

CELLI, B., DECRAMER, M., KESTEN, S., LIU, D., MEHRA, S. & TASHKIN, D. P. (2009) Mortality in the 4-year trial of tiotropium (UPLIFT) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 180, 948-55.

CELLI, B. R. (1995) Pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152, 861-4.

CELLI, B. R., COTE, C. G., LAREAU, S. C. & MEEK, P. M. (2008a) Predictors of Survival in COPD: more than just the FEV1. Respir Med, 102 Suppl 1, S27-35.

CELLI, B. R., COTE, C. G., MARIN, J. M., CASANOVA, C., MONTES DE OCA, M., MENDEZ, R. A., PINTO PLATA, V. & CABRAL, H. J. (2004) The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med, 350, 1005-12.

CELLI, B. R., THOMAS, N. E., ANDERSON, J. A., FERGUSON, G. T., JENKINS, C. R., JONES, P. W., VESTBO, J., KNOBIL, K., YATES, J. C. & CALVERLEY, P. M. (2008b) Effect of pharmacotherapy on rate of decline of lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the TORCH study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 178, 332-8.

CHAOUAT, A., BUGNET, A. S., KADAOUI, N., SCHOTT, R., ENACHE, I., DUCOLONE, A., EHRHART, M., KESSLER, R. & WEITZENBLUM, E. (2005) Severe pulmonary hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 172, 189-94.

CHAOUAT, A., NAEIJE, R. & WEITZENBLUM, E. (2008) Pulmonary hypertension in COPD. Eur Respir J, 32, 1371-85.

CHAOUAT, A., WEITZENBLUM, E., KRIEGER, J., IFOUNDZA, T., OSWALD, M. & KESSLER, R. (1995) Association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, 82-6.

CHAPMAN, K. R., RENNARD, S. I., DOGRA, A., OWEN, R., LASSEN, C. & KRAMER, B. (2011) Long-term safety and efficacy of indacaterol, a long-acting beta-agonist, in subjects with COPD: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Chest, 140, 68-75.

CHAVANNES, N., VOLLENBERG, J. J., VAN SCHAYCK, C. P. & WOUTERS, E. F. (2002) Effects of physical activity in mild to moderate COPD: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract, 52, 574-8.

CHEN, A. M., BOLLMEIER, S. G. & FINNEGAN, P. M. (2008) Long-acting bronchodilator therapy for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Pharmacother, 42, 1832-42.

CHEN, D., RESTREPO, M. I., FINE, M. J., PUGH, M. J., ANZUETO, A., METERSKY, M. L., NAKASHIMA, B., GOOD, C. & MORTENSEN, E. M. (2011) Observational study of inhaled corticosteroids on outcomes for COPD patients with pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 184, 312-6.

CHONG, J., POOLE, P., LEUNG, B. & BLACK, P. N. (2011) Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD002309.

CHRYSTYN, H., MULLEY, B. A. & PEAKE, M. D. (1988) Dose response relation to oral theophylline in severe chronic obstructive airways disease. BMJ, 297, 1506-10.

CLAESSENS, M. T., LYNN, J., ZHONG, Z., DESBIENS, N. A., PHILLIPS, R. S., WU, A. W., HARRELL, F. E., JR. & CONNORS, A. F., JR. (2000) Dying with lung cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: insights from SUPPORT. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments. J Am Geriatr Soc, 48, S146-53.

CLINI, E., STURANI, C., ROSSI, A., VIAGGI, S., CORRADO, A., DONNER, C. F. & AMBROSINO, N. (2002) The Italian multicentre study on noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J, 20, 529-38.

COCKCROFT, A., BEAUMONT, A., ADAMS, L. & GUZ, A. (1985) Arterial oxygen desaturation during treadmill and bicycle exercise in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. Clin Sci (Lond), 68, 327-32.

COE, J. W., BROOKS, P. R., VETELINO, M. G., WIRTZ, M. C., ARNOLD, E. P., HUANG, J., SANDS, S. B., DAVIS, T. I., LEBEL, L. A., FOX, C. B., SHRIKHANDE, A., HEYM, J. H., SCHAEFFER, E., ROLLEMA, H., LU, Y., MANSBACH, R. S., CHAMBERS, L. K., ROVETTI, C. C., SCHULZ, D. W., TINGLEY, F. D., 3RD & O'NEILL, B. T. (2005) Varenicline: an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist for smoking cessation. J Med Chem, 48, 3474-7.

CONNORS, A. F., JR., DAWSON, N. V., THOMAS, C., HARRELL, F. E., JR., DESBIENS, N., FULKERSON, W. J., KUSSIN, P., BELLAMY, P., GOLDMAN, L. & KNAUS, W. A. (1996) Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. The SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments) [published erratum appears in Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:386]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154, 959-67.

COOPER, J. D., TRULOCK, E. P., TRIANTAFILLOU, A. N., PATTERSON, G. A., POHL, M. S., DELONEY, P. A., SUNDARESAN, R. S. & ROPER, C. L. (1995) Bilateral pneumectomy (volume reduction) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 109, 106-16; discussion 116-9.

COSIO, B. G., IGLESIAS, A., RIOS, A., NOGUERA, A., SALA, E., ITO, K., BARNES, P. J. & AGUSTI, A. (2009) Low-dose theophylline enhances the anti-inflammatory effects of steroids during exacerbations of COPD. Thorax, 64, 424-9.

COVENTRY, P. A. (2009) Does pulmonary rehabilitation reduce anxiety and depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Curr Opin Pulm Med, 15, 143-9.

COVENTRY, P. A. & HIND, D. (2007) Comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation for anxiety and depression in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res, 63, 551-65.

CRANSTON, J. M., CROCKETT, A. J., MOSS, J. R. & ALPERS, J. H. (2005) Domiciliary oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD001744.

CREWS, W. D., JEFFERSON, A. L., BOLDUC, T., ELLIOTT, J. B., FERRO, N. M., BROSHEK, D. K., BARTH, J. T. & ROBBINS, M. K. (2001) Neuropsychological dysfunction in patients suffering from end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Clin Neuropsychol, 16, 643-52.

DANIELS, J. M., SNIJDERS, D., DE GRAAFF, C. S., VLASPOLDER, F., JANSEN, H. M. & BOERSMA, W. G. (2010) Antibiotics in addition to systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 181, 150-7.

DAVIS, A. L., ARANDA, C. P., SCHIFFMAN, G. & CHRISTIANSON, L. C. (1987) Pneumococcal infection and immunologic response to pneumococcal vaccine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A pilot study. Chest, 92, 204-12.

DE GODOY, D. V. & DE GODOY, R. F. (2003) A randomized controlled trial of the effect of psychotherapy on anxiety and depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 84, 1154-7.

DE MIGUEL-DIEZ, J., CARRASCO-GARRIDO, P., REJAS-GUTIERREZ, J., MARTIN-CENTENO, A., GOBARTT-VAZQUEZ, E., HERNANDEZ-BARRERA, V., DE MIGUEL, A. G. & JIMENEZ-GARCIA, R. (2010) The influence of heart disease on characteristics, quality of life, use of health resources, and costs of COPD in primary care settings. BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 10, 8.

DE SERRES, F. J. (2002) Worldwide racial and ethnic distribution of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: summary of an analysis of published genetic epidemiologic surveys. Chest, 122, 1818-29.

DE TORRES, J. P., MARIN, J. M., CASANOVA, C., COTE, C., CARRIZO, S., CORDOBA-LANUS, E., BAZ-DAVILA, R., ZULUETA, J. J., AGUIRRE-JAIME, A., SAETTA, M., COSIO, M. G. & CELLI, B. R. (2011) Lung cancer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-- incidence and predicting factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 184, 913-9.

DEAN, M. M. (2008) End-of-life care for COPD patients. Prim Care Respir J, 17, 46-50.

DECRAMER, M., CELLI, B., KESTEN, S., LYSTIG, T., MEHRA, S. & TASHKIN, D. P. (2009) Effect of tiotropium on outcomes in patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (UPLIFT): a prespecified subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 374, 1171-8.

DECRAMER, M., DE BENEDETTO, F., DEL PONTE, A. & MARINARI, S. (2005) Systemic effects of COPD. Respir Med, 99 Suppl B, S3-10.

DECRAMER, M., DE BOCK, V. & DOM, R. (1996) Functional and histologic picture of steroid-induced myopathy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 1958-64.

DECRAMER, M., LACQUET, L. M., FAGARD, R. & ROGIERS, P. (1994) Corticosteroids contribute to muscle weakness in chronic airflow obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 150, 11-6.

DECRAMER, M. & STAS, K. J. (1992) Corticosteroid-induced myopathy involving respiratory muscles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis, 146, 800-2.

DI MARCO, F., VERGA, M., REGGENTE, M., MARIA CASANOVA, F., SANTUS, P., BLASI, F., ALLEGRA, L. & CENTANNI, S. (2006) Anxiety and depression in COPD patients: The roles of gender and disease severity. Respir Med, 100, 1767-74.

DOBLER, C. C., WONG, K. K. & MARKS, G. B. (2009) Associations between statins and COPD: a systematic review. BMC Pulm Med, 9, 32.

DONALDSON, G. C., HURST, J. R., SMITH, C. J., HUBBARD, R. B. & WEDZICHA, J. A. (2010) Increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke following exacerbation of COPD. Chest, 137, 1091-7.

DONOHUE, J. F., FOGARTY, C., LOTVALL, J., MAHLER, D. A., WORTH, H., YORGANCIOGLU, A., IQBAL, A., SWALES, J., OWEN, R., HIGGINS, M. & KRAMER, B. (2010) Once-daily bronchodilators for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: indacaterol versus tiotropium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 182, 155-62.

DOWSON, C. A., TOWN, G. I., FRAMPTON, C. & MULDER, R. T. (2004) Psychopathology and illness beliefs influence COPD self-management. J Psychosom Res, 56, 333-40.

DRANSFIELD, M. T., ROWE, S. M., JOHNSON, J. E., BAILEY, W. C. & GERALD, L. B. (2007) Beta-blocker use and the risk of death in hospitalized patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax, thx.2007.081893.

DRUMMOND, M. B., DASENBROOK, E. C., PITZ, M. W., MURPHY, D. J. & FAN, E. (2008) Inhaled corticosteroids in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama, 300, 2407-16.

EDUARD, W., PEARCE, N. & DOUWES, J. (2009) Chronic bronchitis, COPD, and lung function in farmers: the role of biological agents. Chest, 136, 716-25

EFFING, T., MONNINKHOF, E. M., VAN DER VALK, P. D., VAN DER PALEN, J., VAN HERWAARDEN, C. L., PARTIDGE, M. R., WALTERS, E. H. & ZIELHUIS, G. A. (2007) Self-management education for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD002990.

EISER, N., HARTE, R., SPIROS, K., PHILLIPS, C. & ISAAC, M. T. (2005) Effect of treating depression on quality-of-life and exercise tolerance in severe COPD. COPD, 2, 233-41.

EISNER, M. D., BLANC, P. D., YELIN, E. H., KATZ, P. P., SANCHEZ, G., IRIBARREN, C. & OMACHI, T. A. (2010) Influence of anxiety on health outcomes in COPD. Thorax, 65, 229-34.

EISNER, M. D., ANTHONISEN, N., COULTAS, D., KUENZLI, N., PEREZ-PADILLA, R., POSTMA, D., ROMIEU, I., SILVERMAN, E. K. & BALMES, J. R. (2010a) An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: Novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 182, 693-718.

EKSTROM, M., FRANKLIN, K. A. & STROM, K. E. Increased relative mortality in women with severe oxygen-dependent COPD. Chest, 137, 31-6.

EL MOUSSAOUI, R., ROEDE, B. M., SPEELMAN, P., BRESSER, P., PRINS, J. M. & BOSSUYT, P. M. (2008) Short-course antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and COPD: a meta-analysis of double-blind studies. Thorax, 63, 415-22.

ELLIOTT, M. W. (2002) Noninvasive ventilation in chronic ventilatory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J, 20, 511-4.

ERNST, P., GONZALEZ, A. V., BRASSARD, P. & SUISSA, S. (2007) Inhaled corticosteroid use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 176, 162-6.

ESTEBAN, A., ANZUETO, A., ALIA, I., GORDO, F., APEZTEGUIA, C., PALIZAS, F., CIDE, D., GOLDWASER, R., SOTO, L., BUGEDO, G., RODRIGO, C., PIMENTEL, J., RAIMONDI, G. & TOBIN, M. J. (2000) How is mechanical ventilation employed in the intensive care unit? An international utilization review. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 161, 1450-8.

ESTEBAN, C., QUINTANA, J. M., EGURROLA, M., MORAZA, J., ABURTO, M., PEREZ-IZQUIERDO, J., BASUALDO, L. V. & CAPELASTEGUI, A. (2009) Classifying the severity of COPD: are the new severity scales better than the old? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 13, 783-90.

EVANS, M., HAMMOND, M., WILSON, K., LYE, M. & COPELAND, J. (1997) Placebo-controlled treatment trial of depression in elderly physically ill patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 12, 817-24.

FABBRI, L. M., CALVERLEY, P. M., IZQUIERDO-ALONSO, J. L., BUNDSCHUH, D. S., BROSE, M., MARTINEZ, F. J. & RABE, K. F. (2009) Roflumilast in moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with longacting bronchodilators: two randomised clinical trials. Lancet, 374, 695-703.

FALAGAS, M. E., AVGERI, S. G., MATTHAIOU, D. K., DIMOPOULOS, G. & SIEMPOS, II (2008) Short- versus long-duration antimicrobial treatment for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother, 62, 442-50.

FEARY, J. R., RODRIGUES, L. C., SMITH, C. J., HUBBARD, R. B. & GIBSON, J. E. (2010) Prevalence of major comorbidities in subjects with COPD and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a comprehensive analysis using data from primary care. Thorax, 65, 956-62.

FERGUSON, G. T., CALVERLEY, P. M., ANDERSON, J. A., JENKINS, C. R., JONES, P. W., WILLITS, L. R., YATES, J. C., VESTBO, J. & CELLI, B. (2009) Prevalence and progression of osteoporosis in patients with COPD: results from the TOwards a Revolution in COPD Health study. Chest, 136, 1456-65.

FERNANDEZ, A., MUNOZ, J., DE LA CALLE, B., ALIA, I., EZPELETA, A., DE LA CAL, M. A. & REYES, A. (1994) Comparison of one versus two bronchodilators in ventilated COPD patients. Intensive Care Med, 20, 199-202.

FERREIRA, I. M., BROOKS, D., LACASSE, Y., GOLDSTEIN, R. S. & WHITE, J. (2005) Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD000998.

FISHMAN, A., MARTINEZ, F., NAUNHEIM, K., PIANTADOSI, S., WISE, R., RIES, A., WEINMANN, G. & WOOD, D. E. (2003) A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. N Engl J Med, 348, 2059-73.

FISHMAN, A. P. (1994) Pulmonary rehabilitation research. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149, 825-33.

FLETCHER, C. & PETO, R. (1977) The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. Br Med J, 1, 1645-8.

FOXWELL, A. R., CRIPPS, A. W. & DEAR, K. B. (2003) Haemophilus influenzae oral whole cell vaccination for preventing acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD001958.

FURUMOTO, A., OHKUSA, Y., CHEN, M., KAWAKAMI, K., MASAKI, H., SUEYASU, Y., IWANAGA, T., AIZAWA, H., NAGATAKE, T. & OISHI, K. (2008) Additive effect of pneumococcal vaccine and influenza vaccine on acute exacerbation in patients with chronic lung disease. Vaccine, 26, 4284-9.

GAN, W. Q., MAN, S. F., POSTMA, D. S., CAMP, P. & SIN, D. D. (2006) Female smokers beyond the perimenopausal period are at increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Res, 7, 52.

GARCIA-AYMERICH, J., LANGE, P., BENET, M., SCHNOHR, P. & ANTO, J. M. (2006) Regular physical activity reduces hospital admission and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population based cohort study. Thorax, 61, 772-8.

GARCIA-AYMERICH, J., SERRA, I., GOMEZ, F. P., FARRERO, E., BALCELLS, E., RODRIGUEZ, D. A., DE BATLLE, J., GIMENO, E., DONAIRE-GONZALEZ, D., OROZCO-LEVI, M., SAULEDA, J., GEA, J., RODRIGUEZ-ROISIN, R., ROCA, J., AGUSTI, A. G. & ANTO, J. M. (2009) Physical activity and clinical and functional status in COPD. Chest, 136, 62-70.

GARCIA RODRIGUEZ, L. A., RUIGOMEZ, A., MARTIN-MERINO, E., JOHANSSON, S. & WALLANDER, M. A. (2008) Relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and COPD in UK primary care. Chest, 134, 1223-30.

GEDDES, D., DAVIES, M., KOYAMA, H., HANSELL, D., PASTORINO, U., PEPPER, J., AGENT, P., CULLINAN, P., MACNEILL, S. J. & GOLDSTRAW, P. (2000) Effect of lung-volume-reduction surgery in patients with severe emphysema. N Engl J Med, 343, 239-45.

GEDDES, E. L., O'BRIEN, K., REID, W. D., BROOKS, D. & CROWE, J. (2008) Inspiratory muscle training in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an update of a systematic review. Respir Med, 102, 1715-29.

GEELHOED, E. A., BRAMELD, K. J., HOLMAN, C. D. & THOMPSON, P. J. (2007) Readmission and survival following hospitalization for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: long-term trends. Intern Med J, 37, 87-94.

GIARDINO, N. D., CURTIS, J. L., ANDREI, A. C., FAN, V. S., BENDITT, J. O., LYUBKIN, M., NAUNHEIM, K., CRINER, G., MAKE, B., WISE, R. A., MURRAY, S. K., FISHMAN, A. P., SCIURBA, F. C., LIBERZON, I. & MARTINEZ, F. J. (2010) Anxiety is associated with diminished exercise performance and quality of life in severe emphysema: a cross-sectional study. Respir Res, 11, 29.

GLOBAL INITATIVE FOR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE (2007) Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Updated 2007).

GLOBAL INITATIVE FOR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE (2009) Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Updated 2009).

GLOBAL INITIATIVE FOR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE (GOLD) (2006) Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD.

GOLD STANDARDS FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME (2005) Prognostic Indicator Paper Vs 2.25.

GORE, J. M., BROPHY, C. J. & GREENSTONE, M. A. (2000) How well do we care for patients with end stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A comparison of palliative care and quality of life in COPD and lung cancer. Thorax, 55, 1000-6.

GORECKA, D., GORZELAK, K., SLIWINSKI, P., TOBIASZ, M. & ZIELINSKI, J. (1997) Effect of long-term oxygen therapy on survival in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with moderate hypoxaemia. Thorax, 52, 674-9.

GOTZSCHE, P. C. & JOHANSEN, H. K. (2010) Intravenous alpha-1 antitrypsin augmentation therapy for treating patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD007851.

GOURLAY, S. G., STEAD, L. F. & BENOWITZ, N. L. (2004) Clonidine for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD000058.

GRAAT-VERBOOM, L., WOUTERS, E. F., SMEENK, F. W., VAN DEN BORNE, B. E., LUNDE, R. & SPRUIT, M. A. (2009) Current status of research on osteoporosis in COPD: a systematic review. Eur Respir J, 34, 209-18.

GRANGER, R., WALTERS, J., POOLE, P. J., LASSERSON, T. J., MANGTANI, P., CATES, C. J. & WOOD-BAKER, R. (2006) Injectable vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD001390.

GRANT, I., HEATON, R. K., MCSWEENY, A. J., ADAMS, K. M. & TIMMS, R. M. (1982) Neuropsychologic findings in hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med, 142, 1470-6.

GRAY-DONALD, K., GIBBONS, L., SHAPIRO, S. H., MACKLEM, P. T. & MARTIN, J. G. (1996) Nutritional status and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 961-6.

GRIFFITHS, T. L., BURR, M. L., CAMPBELL, I. A., LEWIS-JENKINS, V., MULLINS, J., SHIELS, K., TURNER-LAWLOR, P. J., PAYNE, N., NEWCOMBE, R. G., IONESCU, A. A., THOMAS, J. & TUNBRIDGE, J. (2000) Results at 1 year of outpatient multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 355, 362-8.

GRIFFITHS, T. L., PHILLIPS, C. J., DAVIES, S., BURR, M. L. & CAMPBELL, I. A. (2001) Cost effectiveness of an outpatient multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation programme. Thorax, 56, 779-84.

GROSS, N. J., PETTY, T. L., FRIEDMAN, M., SKORODIN, M. S., SILVERS, G. W. & DONOHUE, J. F. (1989) Dose response to ipratropium as a nebulized solution in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A three-center study. Am Rev Respir Dis, 139, 1188-91.

GROSS, R. D., ATWOOD, C. W., JR., ROSS, S. B., OLSZEWSKI, J. W. & EICHHORN, K. A. (2009) The coordination of breathing and swallowing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 179, 559-65.

GUDMUNDSSON, G., GISLASON, T., JANSON, C., LINDBERG, E., ULRIK, C. S., BRONDUM, E., NIEMINEN, M. M., AINE, T., HALLIN, R. & BAKKE, P. (2006) Depression, anxiety and health status after hospitalisation for COPD: A multicentre study in the Nordic countries. Respiratory Medicine, 100, 87-93.

GUDMUNDSSON, G., GISLASON, T., JANSON, C., LINDBERG, E., HALLIN, R., ULRIK, C. S., BRONDUM, E., NIEMINEN, M. M., AINE, T. & BAKKE, P. (2005) Risk factors for rehospitalisation in COPD: role of health status, anxiety and depression. Eur Respir J, 26, 414-9.

GUNES, A., ABOYOUN, C. L., MORTON, J. M., PLIT, M., MALOUF, M. A. & GLANVILLE, A. R. (2006) Lung transplantation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at St Vincent's Hospital. Intern Med J, 36, 5-11.

GUO, R., PITTLER, M. H. & ERNST, E. (2006) Herbal medicines for the treatment of COPD: a systematic review. Eur Respir J, 28, 330-8.

GUYATT, G. H., TOWNSEND, M., PUGSLEY, S. O., KELLER, J. L., SHORT, H. D., TAYLOR, D. W. & NEWHOUSE, M. T. (1987) Bronchodilators in chronic air-flow limitation. Effects on airway function, exercise capacity, and quality of life. Am Rev Respir Dis, 135, 1069-74.